This collection of texts focuses on the experience of Latinos in California during the mid-19th century, particularly during the American Civil War and the French Intervention in Mexico. It highlights the development of a unique bilingual and bicultural Latino society in California following the Mexican-American War and the Gold Rush, a population that included Californios and immigrants from various Latin American countries. The sources emphasize how community organizations, such as the juntas patrióticas mejicanas, were formed to support the Juarist cause in Mexico and the Union cause in the United States. These groups also played a crucial role in shaping Latino identity and establishing events like the Cinco de Mayo celebration as a significant cultural and political commemoration in California. The texts also touch upon the challenges faced by Latinos, including discrimination, land disputes, and legal biases, while showcasing their active participation in civic life, military service, and the burgeoning Spanish-language press.